an assessment of the impact of budget implementation in the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Abstract:

This research effort grew out of concern for the increasing use of force in settlement of disputes by the United States which has the tendency to reduce the moral stature of the UN (above all, the security council) an organization committed to the maintenance of international peace and security. It seeks to analyse the role of the United Nations security council in international conflict resolution, using the UN Weapons inspection in Iraq as a case study. This research work sets itself to determining whether the Weapons Inpectors did indict Iraq of possessing WMD. The central focus of the study is to determine whether the UN Security Council authorized the war or whether the war was a pre-emptive action on the part of the U.S. and its allies. On the above premise, the theoretical framework of political Realism which holds that the overriding national interest of each State is its national Security and survival defined in terms of power. However, the study revealed that the U.S. invasion of Iraq was a clear-cut case of aggression and territorial annexation of another country and therefore a violation of State Sovereignty. The findings of this research are that the United Nations Security Council which is the only organ that can authorize war in modern International law did not authorize the war on Iraq. Consequently, in a bid to justify the war, the U.S and U.K anchored their action on UN Resolution 1441 which, however, never gave Member States an explicit permission to attack Iraq. The study also revealed that the U.S. led war on Iraq was pre-emptive. Most importantly, the work revealed that the war has a significant relationship with the U.S. foreign policy on the Gulf region. Based on these findings; the study concludes that for peaceful co-existence among Nations, all States should uphold the integrity and authority of the United Nations and of International Law.

Employee Work Empowerment as Predictor of Role Innovation and Organizational Trust

Abstract:

The study investigated the role of Employee empowerment on organizational trust and role innovation among 272 employees drawn from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Organization trust was assessed with 32-item scale that addresses five dimensions of trust built from Mishra’s (1996) model for organizational trust, while employee work empowerment was assessed with 12-item empowerment scale developed and validated by Spreitizer (1995). Role innovation was measured with 6-item scale originally developed by west (1987). Results showed that employee work empowerment positively predicted organizational trust (B=.27,P .01)., while it negatively predicted role innovation (B=-. 15,P .05). The findings and implications were discussed based on the theoretical and empirical background and in relation to Nigeria socio- economic realities. Limitations of the study were highlighted and suggestions made for further research    social science2

Assessment of Spirituality in Decision-Making in Private and Public Organisations in Anambra State, Nigeria

Abstract:

The processes of industrialization transformed the world from feudal agricultural societies to modern capitalist ones. This transformation marked the development of modernity and became the major focus of sociological studies. Interest was focused on issues like job satisfaction, job turnover, conflict and conflict resolutions in organisation management. As a result, the theoretical perspectives that emerged and guided social organisation did not consider some aspects of social life to reflect their importance. One of such aspects of social life was spirituality, which is the state of being deeply concerned with religious values. In recent times, studies have emerged bearing titles and topics which suggest and defend the incorporation of spirituality and religious principles in organisational management. This development has raised a serious question whether this constitutes an indication that the modern scientific organisation models of objectivity, rationality and bureaucracy are no longer able to fully explain the complexities of present-day organisations, hence a return to the pre-modern era when spirituality and religious ideas informed the process of societal and organisation decision. Evidence from literature indicates that not much research has been done on this issue both in Nigeria and elsewhere. The study adopted the survey research design. The population of study included all persons within the management positions of the formal organisations in Anambra State. Only private and public organisations registered formally with either the Local, State or Federal Government qualified for study. The number of organisations chosen for study was 256 about 10% of the registered organisations arrived at using the sampling fraction method. The questionnaire was the primary data collection instrument used. In-dept interviews and focus group discussions were carried out to elicit information that would help enrich the data from the questionnaire. The chi-square statistics was used to test the hypotheses generated for the study. It was ascertained that the level of interest of decision-makers in bringing spirituality into their decision-making in formal organisations in Nigeria was on the increase with more than 70% of the respondents indicating interest citing uncertainties in the business world today. Many organisational leaders perceived spirituality-based decisions as more important and more effective in yielding results than other organisational decision-making principles; hence the hypothesis which stated that organisational leaders in Nigeria perceive bureaucratic-rationality-based decisions to be more effective than those based on spirituality principles was rejected (χ2 = 233.5, df = 2; p ≤ 0.05). More than 50% of the male respondents indicated that they allow their spirituality to affect official decision-making often. This was against the 26.4% of all the female respondents which indicated allowing their spirituality to affect official decision-making often, as a result, the hypothesis that female organisational leaders in Nigeria import spirituality into their official decision-making exercises more than their male counterparts was rejected (χ2 = 47.7, df = 2; p ≤ 0.05). On the characteristics of managers that infuse spirituality in organisational decision-making, it was ascertained that elderly leaders and leaders with higher level of educational attainment were more eager to import spirituality into official decision-making. Decision-makers who hold degrees in business studies and social sciences were not less likely to import spirituality into their decision-making than those who hold non-business and social science degrees as a result the hypothesis that stated that decision-makers who hold degrees in business studies and the social sciences are less likely to import spirituality into their decision-makings than those who hold non-business and social science degrees was rejected (χ2= 6.9, df = 2; p ≤ 0.05).

The Perceived Impact of Multinational Corporations on National Development: A Study of Oguta Local Government Area, Imo State.

Abstract:

Nigeria is endowed with oil and mineral resources and these attracted multinational corporations. They were seen as agents of development but it was not so. There was exploitation, environmental pollution and underdevelopment in the oil producing states. This caused pollution, low standard of living, oil spillage and unemployment. The general objective of the study was to ascertain the contributions of multinational corporations to the development of Oguta local government area. The specific objectives of this study are to ascertain if the activities of multinational corporations have led to decreasing employment; if multinational corporations have contributed towards increasing environmental pollution; how multinational corporations have contributed towards increasing social and welfare services; how multinational corporations have contributed towards improving the lives of people and the contributions of multinational corporations towards technology transfer and skill training in Oguta local government area. To achieve this objective, the study adopted descriptive research and a multistage sampling technique was used. Interview and questionnaire were used to generate primary data to complement the secondary data obtained from books and journals. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) and the result was used to answer research questions. The hypotheses posed were tested using the Z – test statistics. Findings indicated that the activities of multinational corporations have led to increase in unemployment. The result showed that the presence of multinational corporations has led to environmental pollution. The recommendations were made to the effect that adequate fund should be set aside by both private and public enterprises for assisting the youths with entrepreneurial skills to set up their own privately owned enterprises in the area of their skills. This will make them to become employers of labour as against the unemployment in Oguta. There should be land use planning that involves zoning and transport infrastructural planning because it helps to ensure that the land is used efficiently for the benefit of a wider economy as well as to protect the environment. There should be collective effort of both multinational corporations and government to mitigate the problem of unemployment in Oguta community both the government and multinational corporations should partner together to curb unemployment through entrepreneurial development among others.

Drug Abuse among Undergraduates of University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Abstract:

This study examined drug abuse among undergraduates of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The two campuses of the University of Nigeria were used as the study area. The instruments for data collection were the questionnaire and in-depth interview guide. The sample size used for the study was 609. The quantitative data gathered were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences, using percentages (%) and Chi-square was used to test the hypotheses; while the qualitative data gathered were analyzed in themes as complement to the quantitative data. The findings show that there is a statistically significant relationship between drug abuse and academic performance of the respondents 235.250; df = 2, P <.000). Also, it was discovered that there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of friends one keeps and drug abuse 240.657. df = 1, P <.000). Again, the findings reveal that there is a statistically significant relationship between sex of respondents and drug abuse 217.203; df1, P<. 000). Finally, it was discovered that there is no statistically significant relationship between respondents’ year of study and drug abuse df1, P< .227). Furthermore, the study revealed that majority (60.9%) of the respondents were of the view that what constitutes drug abuse in U.N.N is the abuse of intoxicating substances or drugs like alcohol, Indian hemp and so on. It was as well discovered from the study that majority of the respondents (54.5%) indicated that they have taken drugs or intoxicating substances. The government was urged to make a law that will prohibit the sale of alcohol and other intoxicating substances in our various higher institutions of learning. The study also emphasized that the National Universities Commission should introduce drug abuse and its effects as a course in the curriculum of all universities.

Wittgenstein’s Conception of Language and Its Implication for Jurisprudence

Abstract:

The meaning of an expression, or relation between words in general language usage is ascertainable if the special use of language is understood. A major criticism leveled against the language of law has been the idea that the language of law is indecipherable and barely understood by those outside the legal terrain. Most of the criticisms range from the alleged incoherence nature of the language of law, the classified nature of the language of the law, and the technical/restricted nature of the language of law. In clearing these bugs of misconception from the eyes of the critics, this work explores various ideas of Wittgenstein in finding appropriate solutions. This becomes the thrust of this work. In showing how Wittgenstein exonerates the language of law from these vilifying attacks, he thought that a word has its meaning only within the context of its use in a language and, its form of life. From his language-game thesis which forms one of the major bedrock in understanding Wittgenstein’s language ideas, one would readily understand that in order to comprehend the language of law, one must participate in the language game of lawyers. This is not a manipulation of language or of words. Participation in the language game constitutes a special way which enables one, within a language structure, and, with the assistance of the rules of the language, to understand the rational core of the designations of certain terminologies and concepts. In connection with law however, participation in the language-game allows one to be cognitive of the normative meaning of such designations.  

International Terrorism and National Security in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko-Haram

Abstract:

The study examined the state of knowledge on international terrorism and National Security in Nigeria, with focus on Boko-Haram, specifically, the study investigated how international terrorism and National Security explores the origins and future trajectory of Boko-Haram and especially why its ideology of violence has found resonance among a small number of young Nigerian’s, and also provide guide to policy makers, government officials and the general public in dealing with the Boko Haram insurgency. Utilizing the Relative deprivation theory, qualitative research method, qualitative descriptive research and content analysis, these are crucial instrument of understanding terrorism and Boko Haram sect. accordingly, the study maintained that Boko Haram movement is to make Nigeria an Islamic state as they are in the habit of spreading particular interpretation of Islam beyond Western oriented secular Status claiming that Islam as a religion has not been fulfilling its mandate on the Nigerian Society